Symptoms And Treatment Of Eating Disorders Essay - 939 Words

Are Pain Thresholds Elevated in DSM III - R Chronic Bulimia Patients? While not discussed in class, eating disorders are an incredibly important psychological condition that affects millions of people. One of the most well known eating disorders is Bulimia. Bulimia in itself is characterized by episodes of binging and purging. The acts of binging are often quick consumption of abnormally large portions of food to the point of physical pain and discomfort from stomach stretching. A study in 1992 by Patricia L. Fads, Nancy C. Raymond, Martina De Zwaan, Lynn A. Howard, Elke D. Eckert, and James E. Mitchell, was designed to test whether Nociceptive, but not tactile, thresholds are elevated in bulimia nervosa patients, published online in the biological psychiatry journal, and made available through the commonly used virtual database pubmed. During the time findings were suggesting that the vagus nerve may serves as a common substrate or mechanism in the control of not only satiety but also anti-nociception. A study referenced to form the hypothesis was Randich and Maixner in 1984 that showed that vagotomy reduces the analgesic response to opiates given to rats. Hypothesizing that the condition bulimia nervosa is a result of abnormalities in vagal relay of short term satiety, expected was also the decrease in nociceptive responses. To perform the experiment twenty seven all female patients that met or surpassed the DSM- III- R outline for bulimia nervosa acted asShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Eating Disorders1771 Words   |  8 Pagesanyone. This leads to the discussion of eating disorders, which are a common disorder arising from pressure to stay thin. â€Å"Eating disorders are serious life-threatening illnesses that are extremely complex coming from varieties of biological, physiological, and social factors (NEDA, n.d.)†. Eating disorders are a very serious and mentally debilitating disease. Early diagnosis is ideal in recovery. This diseases can be life threatening. It is imperative that treatment is found and given to the individualRead More Reducing Symptoms in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder Through Drug Treatment2107 Words   |  9 PagesReducing Symptoms in Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder Through Drug Treatment Bulimia nervosa is a chronic psychiatric disorder that haunts the lives of many young women. The disorder is characterized by frequent episodes of binge eating followed by some sort of purging. The purging usually involves self-induced vomiting and can cause great damage to the body. Persons diagnosed with bulimia nervosa have a loss of control over these behaviors. Affecting the lives of 3-5% of young womenRead MoreAbstract. Through Research We Can See The Causes, Misdiagnosis,1045 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Through research we can see the causes, misdiagnosis, treatment, types and symptoms of eating disorders. Pressures from society and dislike towards oneself seem to be the largest factor in the development of eating disorders. They can often mask other serious symptoms. Treatment can vary but can interplay with the treatments of mood disorders. The symptoms range between the different types of eating disorders. Diagnosing eating disorders can be difficult because most patients perform tell-tellRead MoreEating Disorders Are Serious Mental Illnesses That Are Not A Choice1535 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders are serious mental illnesses that are not a choice. Eating disorders can affect people of any age and are characterized by concerns with body weight and irregular eating habits. There are many different kinds of eating disorders, but the cause of them is not completely known. The symptoms of eating disorders include obsession with food, appearance, and weight. There are ways to cope with and treat eating disorders with the help of a therapist that is specially trained in eating disordersRead MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1724 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders are characterized by a high preoccupation with weight and an intense dissatisfaction with one’s body image (Institute of Psychiatry, 2015). Some of the most common Eating Disorders (EDs) include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, and Binge Eating Disorder, however it is important to note that not everyone fits neatly into any of these categories and could display symptoms and behaviors interchangeably. People who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa can be characterized as having very low bodyRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa- Eating Disorder1685 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of anorexia are mostly seen on the outside of the victim’s body, but do not be fooled. This detrimental eating disorder affects one’s mind just as much as it would the body. What Anorexia does to the mind is that it distorts the way one views their body. Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophreniform Disorder1630 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the DSM-5 (2013), the characteristic symptoms of schizophreniform disorder, such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms, may present for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period. Martin is a 21 year-old college student and he had psychotic symptoms, specifically delusions and hallucinations over the past few weeks. Martin’s family and friends have overheard him whispering in an agitated voiceRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating Disorder1235 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a very serious psychological condition that affects your mind so that you are more focused on your food and weight than you are on everything else. The most known and most commonly diagnosed eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder; however, these are not the only eating disorders. Eating disorders cause psychical and psychological problems, which at their worst can even become life threating. Statistics show that more women are affectedRead MoreEating Disorders : Deterioration Of The Mind1117 Words   |  5 PagesEating Disorders: Deterioration of the Mind By: Genevieve Narkiewicz Advance Placement Psychology Mr.Cuetara May 4th, 2015 Abstract Eating disorders are in no way, to be considered â€Å"no big deal†. It affects the lives of many poor unsuspecting human beings and in some cases, fatally takes lives. This topic presents many things that most people don’t know. Such as the fact that bulimia nervosa has similar symptoms to using the drug heroin! Rotten teeth, pale and dry skin, and even failingRead MoreEffects Of The Fitbit Fitness Band Essay965 Words   |  4 Pages In her blog post â€Å"It Happened to Me: My Fitbit Reignited My Eating Disorder†, Martin (2015) discussed how the features of a fitness band led to an eating disorder relapse. Eating disorders are characterized by pervasive fear of gaining weight and altered perception of body image (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Eating disorders may also be associated with restrictive eating and compensatory behaviors (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Martin (2015) argued that the conditioning effects

An Exotic Forest By Henri Rousseau - 945 Words

Woman Walking in an Exotic Forest (1905), created by French artist, Henri Rousseau, is a painting that depicts a woman positioned in the center foreground of the piece, fashioned in lightly coloured attire of the early 20th century. A vibrant forest surrounds the woman to make up the middle and background of the painting, and consists of tall blue flowers, grasses, and trees that carry large orange fruit. Through this specific content, and the stylistic elements of the piece, the painting comes to illustrate the challenges and turmoil of the transition to Modernity – the quality or condition of being modern (OED,1). This thematic component reveals itself through the tension between the periods of Modernity and Classicism, as seen through the central image of the woman, the painting’s scale, and colour palette, along with, the inclusion of Primitive elements in the style, and subject used. As such, this methodology, in the form, and technique of the piece, communicates a larger complexity. Where Modernity refers to the state of being modern, Classicism contrasts this notion as a movement that attempts to harken back to aesthetics, and themes of the â€Å"classic† eras, so as to root itself in the past (OED, 3). This piece represents classical elements through the inclusion of the woman. For instance, the woman poses in a structured manner with a hand on the hip much like the classic positions reflected in ancient Greek, and Roman statues, to suggest a regiment of tradition.Show MoreRelatedA Sample Letter Regarding a Companys Art Budget2307 Words   |  9 Pagesoddball but charming choice for the business might be Henri Rousseaus Woman Walking in an Exotic Forest from 1905. This painting is owned by Philadelphias Barnes Foundation, which was legally prohibited from making reproductions of it for a very long time that status has now changed, so a reproduction of this quirky painting would be a novelty in corporate art. But this is a great exa mple of what Post-Impressionism at its most wild can do. Rousseau is historically interesting because he was a self-taughtRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand who are responsible for attaining goals in these organizations are managers (sometimes called administrators, especially in not-for-profit organizations). Management Functions In the early part of the twentieth century, French industrialist Henri Fayol wrote that all managers perform five management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.5 Today, we have condensed these to four: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Because organizations exist to

Mannerism Artist Free Essays

Mannerism appeared in response to the Renaissance style from Florence, Rome and Venice in the 1520’s. Unlike Renaissance artists to strove to make their art look as realistic as possible, mannerism artists broke away from this convention. Some of these key characteristics include abnormally elongated limbs, contorted bodies impossible poses and most importantly, artifice. We will write a custom essay sample on Mannerism Artist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Renaissance artists tried to disguise artifice where mannerism artists reveal imbalanced compositions, ambiguous space, departures from expected conventions and unique presentations of traditional themes (Gardner 612). There are great examples in paintings, sculptures and architecture that utilize these characteristics and give us a better understanding of what mannerism truly is. There were many influential painters in the 1500’s that took advantage of the freeing style of mannerism. One artist who stands out is Jacopo Da Pontormo. His piece, Entombment of Christ, (Capponi Chaple, Santa Felicita, Florance Italy, 1494-1557) embodies almost all of the characteristics assigned to mannerism. Christ’s decent from the cross-had been frequently portrayed by many artists before him. However, Pontormo took a different approach from his processors. Pontormo changed his picture plane from the traditional perpendicular plane by rotating image along a vertical axis. Because of this, the Virgin Mary falls away from the viewer as she releases her son’s hand (Kleiner 613). Another striking difference is how he positions the characters so there is an intentional void in the middle of the painting. How the bodies and limbs moves around the center accentuate the void. Also, the elongated limbs and bodies positioned in a contorted fashion depict the key characteristics of the style. For example, the figure holding Christ on his back has an elongated torso that does not seem to be anatomically possible. This painting gives the viewer an excellent example for how Pontormo and other mannerism artist’s have split ways with the natural, realistic, and balanced principles of the Renaissance artists. The mannerism style can be seen across other mediums as well. Other artists took these new principles and incorporated them into sculpture. Giovanni da Bologna’s (born, Jean de Boulogne) Abduction of the Sabine Women, (Loggia dei Lanzi, Piazza della Signoria, Florence, Italy, 1579-1583) epitomizes the principles of figure composition for Mannerists. As seen by Pontormo, this piece is also created on a vertical axis. The bodies create a vertical, almost flame-like spiral movement. This sculpture was the first large-scale group since classical antiquity designed to be seen from multiple viewpoints†¦ † (Kleiner 619). Because of this, the piece changes immensely depending on where the viewer is standing. The figures also display extreme emotion that was not common before this period. For example, you can almost feel the woman figure’s pain and anguish by her face, and how she is trying to break away from the young male figure. Mannerism also translates into the m edium of architecture. This style of architecture also challenged the classical elements of balance, order and stability that were prominent in the Renaissance. Giulio Romano ended up being the leading architect in Mannerism. An example of his work would be the Palazzo del Te, Mantua, Italy, 1525-1535. The viewer can see his Mannerist style in the facades that face the interior courtyard. The deviation from the conventional architecture of the time is pronounced by revealing the artifice of the palace design. The keystones for example, either have fully settled or seem to be slipping from the arches-and, more eccentric still, Giulio even placed voussoirs in the pediments over the niches, where no arches exist† (Kleiner 620). The building is full of structural oddities and contradictions. For example, the architraves holding the columns up don’t look strong enough to support the building, giving the viewer the illusion that the building may come crashing down at any time. In conclusion, the mannerism style broke away from the conventional Renaissance style of order, balance and realistic paintings. It focused more on the artifice, elegant style and showing emotion through the figures. Although Mannerism did not last long, I believe this style of art helped artists break away from the strict rules of its predecessors and let the artist be free to express more emotions and to retell stories in a different way. Sources: Kleiner, Fred S. , and Helen Gardner. Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History. Boston, MA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2009. Print. How to cite Mannerism Artist, Essay examples

A Streetcar Named Desire Com Essay Example For Students

A Streetcar Named Desire Com Essay It is the complexity of the main characters and their interactions that make A Streetcar Named Desire such a successful and challenging play. The play A Streetcar Named Desire made playwright Tennessee Williams name and has deservedly since had over half a century of success. This remarkable success can be credited to the intricate characters and their interactions with each other. Sisters, Stella and Blanche have had an enjoyable upbringing on the family plantation, Belle Reve. As the name suggests Stella and Blanches time at Belle Reve was near perfect. Like all things perfect it had to come to an end. While Stella did the logical thing and left the beautiful dream and married Stan, Blanche hung on to it unable to move on and face reality. Blanche comes to Stella in an unbalanced state of mind in need of her sisters aid. The impression is given that this isnt the first time Stella has been there to help Blanche through a time of trouble. As much as she needs her help and as much as she respects her, Blanche strongly disapproves of her sisters new life. Stella tolerates Blanches continual criticism of her husband, home and friends very well. From this and many other incidents throughout the play we see what a tolerant and adaptable person Stella is. Stan and Stellas relationship is far from ideal. Stan is a violent man. On occasions he hits Stella, but comes after her to satisfy his sexual needs. This is not to say that Stella is unhappy in her marriage to Stan. She has adapted to the way of life in Elysian Fields where its accepted that women have arguments with their husbands and as a result are hit by them. Eunice and Steve have a similar relationship it is normal. Despite their violent relationship Stella relies on Stan as much as he does on her. Stella really does need Stan and the security he provides, especially with a baby on the way. Even if she werent expecting a child Stella would have a lot of trouble leaving Stan. She admits to Blanche that, I can hardly stand it when he is away for a nightand when he comes back I cry on his lap like a baby. From the moment Blanche first came to stay at Stella and Stans home she posed a threat to Stan. He was used to being the only one Stella cared for, the one who ruled her. He wasnt happy that somebody he had never met could move into his own territory and while residing there, treat him as an inferior and call him a survivor of the Stone Age. He felt so threatened by her presence that he competed for dominance over Stella, unfairly. He overstepped the boundaries on several occasions. He went through Blanches personal belongings, he spread malicious gossip about Blanches past ruining any hopes she had for a future with Mitch and in one last final act to ensure he had won he raped her. Stan appears not to feel any guilt whatsoever for his acts that led to the complete mental destruction of Blanche. Stella had to choose between her sister and her husband. There is no way that two people as incompatible as Stan and Blanche could live comfortably around each other. For a considerable amoun t of time Stella did her best to support both Blanche and Stan, negotiating middle ground. However, this couldnt last for long because they were forever competing with each other, the ultimate prize being Stella. Stella chooses to ignore the truth about Stans sexual assault on Blanche. This could either be a result of his incredible power over her, or the fact that she sees the future would be a lot easier for her, her child and Blanche should she stay with Stan and let Blanche be committed to a mental asylum. A Streetcar Named Desire would hardly have a story if the characters werent so complex and didnt interact with each other in the way in which they do. Its the intriguing fragile character of Blanche, the amazing tolerant, adaptable Stella and the power and sex driven Stanley that makes the play so

Korn- Pretty Essays - Class, Films, Cinema Of The United States

Korn- Pretty i see a pretty face smashed against the bathroom floor... Jonathan sat on the floor next to the window in his dark bedroom alone. He watched the cascade of rain drip down his window from off the roof. Lighting stroke across the morbid night sky. His body, which was curled up in a ball, was leaning against the wall. His sad brown eyes were filled with salty tears while listening to his father and stepmother fight in the kitchen. His stepmother was very contemptible. His father wasn't. He was a good man, very benign, but Jonathan didn't realize that when he was a child. He resented his father for always being away from home, on the road touring, but he didn't know at the age of 3 what it meant by having to support your family in any way you can. Even now, when he was a teenager he resented his father for not understanding him. It seemed as if no one understood him. And that bisected his heart. It was going on 2:30 A.M. and Jonathan knew he should have gone to sleep hours ago. He had to wake up at 6:30 in the morning to go to work at the corner's office. Many people found it bizarre that he worked at such a morbid, strange place, especially for someone at the age of 17. It wasn't just the fact that he was working there that made it so strange it was how his personality didn't match with one who is meant to work at a corner's office. He seemed very aloof. He didn't dress in gothic garb nor did he dress in gaudy garb, he just seemed normal, like any other kid. But he wasn't normal; there was an undertone of something along the lines of eccentric-ness in his personality, which you had to strain to see. He did however wear eyeliner from time to time but no one found that to be odd, they just thought of him to be gay. The town faggot is a name, which would be linked to Jonathan for the rest of his life. Being a corner's assistant was a dexterity job. He seemed to enjoy the job a nd was very diligent, but at the same time, it destroyed him. Jonathan's eyelids began to grow heavy. His parents had stopped fighting an hour ago and that was really the only reason why he wasn't asleep but he had so much on his mind that he couldn't and didn't feel like sleeping. He rubbed his face away of the dry tearstains. He stood up and stretched from sitting down in the corner for so long. He clambered into his bed and fell asleep within minutes. The alarm clock beside his bed went off at 6:30 A.M. He was still half-asleep when he tried turning off the clock. It took a while for him to find the off button so instead he threw the clock across the room. Jonathan got dressed and walked down the hall to the kitchen. He usually didn't eat breakfast, but he hadn't eaten the night before for his stepmother was too bust fighting with his father. He opened one of the cabinets and took out a white bowl with a crack running down the side. Then he reached into the fridge for some milk and oddly enough found the cereal in there as well. As he sat down and began eating, his younger sister walked into the kitchen. What are you doing up so early? Jonathan asked with his mouthful. Couldn't sleep. She answered, she her self was still half asleep. You going to school today? She asked. Naw, gotta work today. Damnit. She said under her breath as she threw an apple, which she had retrieved out of the fridge into the garbage can, frivolously. I was hoping you could get me out of class early and drive me over to Brenda's. Jonathan's right eyebrow rose as she sat down, yawing. Girl, you know I can't do that. Remember what happened the last time-no wait, uh, last..two, three, four, yeah, four times I did that? Dad got so pissed and almost made me get a job at his

Free Essays on Philip Johnson

Philip Johnson The Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas houses an impressive collection of works by Charles M. Russell and Frederic Remington and can actually be thought of as two buildings in one. The museum was originally built and designed by Philip Johnson in 1961 and forty years later Johnson was called upon again to design an addition to the building that would triple its exhibition space. Philip Johnson was born in 1906 and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Harvard University majoring in philosophy and Greek not architecture. By the age of 26, Johnson was the founder and director of the Museum of Modern Art’s new architecture department in New York. There he cultivated an interest in architecture and co-authored the book The International Style, which introduced â€Å"Bauhaus,† a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918, to America (5). At the age of 34, Johnson returned to Harvard’s Graduate School of Design. After receiving his Master of Architecture in 1943, Johnson began designing his own home in New Canaan, Connecticut known as â€Å"The Glass House,† a house whose walls are made entirely of windows. Other well-known works include the Seagram’s Building and the AT&T Building both in New York. In 1979 Johnson was awarded the first Pritzker Architecture Prize for his 50 years of work and designs in the field of architecture (6). Undoubtedly, Johnson has been a great influence in architecture though some will argue that Johnson’s style is quite whimsical seeming to change as often as the wind blows (3). Johnson’s response? â€Å"After fifty years you shouldn’t be doing the same thing† (3). Though at times controversial it cannot be denied that Johnson is one of the most brilliant and renowned architects of the past century. 2 Interestingly, some of Johnson’s most acclaimed buildings are found in Texas. In Dallas alone, Johnson has designed ... Free Essays on Philip Johnson Free Essays on Philip Johnson Philip Johnson The Amon Carter Museum in Fort Worth, Texas houses an impressive collection of works by Charles M. Russell and Frederic Remington and can actually be thought of as two buildings in one. The museum was originally built and designed by Philip Johnson in 1961 and forty years later Johnson was called upon again to design an addition to the building that would triple its exhibition space. Philip Johnson was born in 1906 and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Harvard University majoring in philosophy and Greek not architecture. By the age of 26, Johnson was the founder and director of the Museum of Modern Art’s new architecture department in New York. There he cultivated an interest in architecture and co-authored the book The International Style, which introduced â€Å"Bauhaus,† a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918, to America (5). At the age of 34, Johnson returned to Harvard’s Graduate School of Design. After receiving his Master of Architecture in 1943, Johnson began designing his own home in New Canaan, Connecticut known as â€Å"The Glass House,† a house whose walls are made entirely of windows. Other well-known works include the Seagram’s Building and the AT&T Building both in New York. In 1979 Johnson was awarded the first Pritzker Architecture Prize for his 50 years of work and designs in the field of architecture (6). Undoubtedly, Johnson has been a great influence in architecture though some will argue that Johnson’s style is quite whimsical seeming to change as often as the wind blows (3). Johnson’s response? â€Å"After fifty years you shouldn’t be doing the same thing† (3). Though at times controversial it cannot be denied that Johnson is one of the most brilliant and renowned architects of the past century. 2 Interestingly, some of Johnson’s most acclaimed buildings are found in Texas. In Dallas alone, Johnson has designed ...

Early Chinese-Americans and Manifest Destiny Essay

Early Chinese-Americans and Manifest Destiny - Essay Example From the image, it shows two races, the Chinese and the American in the nineteen Century. The photo depicts anti-Chinese racial prejudices by the Americans during the years 1820s to the end of the Century when the Chinese immigrants arrived in America. The American is represented by the woman who cuts the Chinese man hair to represent hate, resentment, prejudice of the Chinese Culture during this era. The early Chinese immigrants came from the south China’s Guangdong Province to in 1820 to America to escaping the political and economic instability experienced under the Qing Dynasty government, internal attack from the Taiping Rebels and external pressures from the Opium Wars. Their population increased from 325 men in 1849 (before the Californian Gold Rush) to 25,000 by 1852 and 105,465 by 1880 during the transcontinental railroad (Carlisle 29). They provided cheap labor compared to the Americans during the time. However they were mistreated, highly taxed, worked under harsh c onditions during the summer heat and also during cold winter days. Most of them lost their lives but for those who survived, settled in America for what its worth. In conclusion, although the Chinese were a source of cheap labor they were overworked under very harsh conditions in the mines field, received little pay were highly taxed. They were seen by the Americans as an inferior race of people, with differing language, color and physical appearance (short, plump, the male had kept strange long hair which the Americans represented by the lady in the image cutting

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 56

No topic - Essay Example 2. Group task functions are OD functions that focuses on the technical aspect of the job such identifying problems, formulating plans, executing plans and getting jobs done to meet the objectives of an organization. Group maintenance functions center on people such as listening, reflecting feelings, providing support, coaching and counselling part of OD Process Interventions. These two functions are necessary to work together for the team to become effective and succeed in meeting their objectives. 3. The communication process can help facilitate the intervention of an OD program that could help an individual or group resolve their issue. Managers are tasked to resolve issues in their organizations through OD Process Interventions and part of resolving issues is knowing the problems which is in the questioning, listening, reflecting, coaching and counselling part of OD process. Simply put, communication process is the vehicle that managers can use in a work group to resolve issues through OD Process Interventions. It could also be used as an effective feedback mechanism to be given to groups and individual and they be able to receive it openly to make the intervention more

Organization Theory and Its Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Organization Theory and Its Analysis - Essay Example In attempting to create a science study of organizations, the major focus has been placed on identifying general behaviours in work place situations and related them to all enterprises, despite their different nature. In particular proponents of this concept have paid little attention to differences among organization, those that are subjected to market forces and those that are not. (Hussey& Hussey, 1997, pp 5-45) The organization theory can determine the organization culture, which in turn determines the success or failure of an organization to achieve its stated mission and objectives. Culture of an organization defines an organization since it a collective beliefs and ideology shared by the employees working in an organization. Kotter (1992, pp 86-99) also clearly defines organizational culture as "the values, beliefs and norms expressed in actual practices and behaviours of the organization's members." To Kotter (1992, pp 86-99), culture is the main motivating force that ensures the success of an organization; culture also determines and represents organizational values. A paradigm offers a conceptual structure for considering and making good judgment about the social world. Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), states that "to be located in a particular paradigm is to view the world in a particular way." The importance of paradigms is that they outline the way in which we view the world and at the same time reinforce the view of those around us. Philosophical assumptions and paradigms In organizational research the word paradigm includes three levels. The philosophical, which is fundamental beliefs concerning the world in which we live in, the social level, where guiding principle do exist as to how a social researcher should perform their activities and lastly, the technical level. This includes the processes and techniques ideally accepted when carrying out research. Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), points out that at philosophical level, organizational theories differ in five sets of assumptions. These are 1. Subjectivist /objectivist dimension 2. Ontological, 3. Epistemological, 4. Axiological, 5. Methodological assumptions and also assumptions in relation to human nature These assumptions ooze through from top to lower levels and impact the research process. Burrell & Morgan paradigms Over the past two decades Burrell, G has made a several noteworthy contributions in regard to the development of a fundamental organization theory. As pertaining Sociological paradigms and also organizational analysis (co-authored with Morgan G in 1979) Burrell drafted a position for radical "structuralism and humanist" work which has provided legality for viewpoints critical of the "managerialist" direction of many organization theory. However times change, and so do theoretical modes change. "Pandemonium" is Burrell's most recent effort to create a drastic organization theory, in the outline of a "retro-organization theory". (Burrell and Morgan, 1979, pp 1-37) When looking at subjective-objective a dimension that is used to separate radical humanism and interpretive sociology and "radical structuralism and Functionalist sociology" Burrell and Morgan (1979, pp 1-37), outlines four philosophical aspects that distinguish objectivist from subjective studies. These aspects are 1. Ontology 2. Epistemology 3. Human nature 4. Methodology Ontology According to Burrell and

Urban Areas: Population, Land Use and Health

Urban Areas: Population, Land Use and Health Urban Areas Arun Persaud Discuss land use, population, health and sanitation in urban areas. Introduction According to Ramsawak and Umraw (2001), â€Å"all the people residing within a specific geographic area, for example, within a nation, a geographic region, a state, or a city is called its population†. The population density of an area can be defined as the number of people living in a particular area of land at a particular time. Population density can be influenced by a variety of factors which include physical factors such as relief or height of land, climatic and natural vegetation, influence of agriculture, industrial influence and also urban influence (Ramsawak and Umraw, 2001). An urban area is an area that has a dense population of people and has a density of structures such as roads, railways, housing and commercial buildings. The area usual functions as a marketing town, commercial hub, administration, manufacturing and industrial sites and also tourism. Examples of urban areas include cities, towns and suburbs. Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This results in negative impacts for both areas. The rural area often suffers from brain-drain while a lot of physical pressure is placed on the receiving urban area. The urban area usually becomes overcrowded and there is a shortage of housing and other facilities. There is also usually a rise in pollution level and low level of sanitation (Ramsawak and Umraw, 2001). Sanitation is simply the provision of facilities and services to get rid of waste products such as sewage and garbage. This is very important because it promotes a healthy environment and also protects the population from any health threats which may be connected to exposure to these wastes. Land use in urban areas Land use can be defined as the use of land by human. This involves the management of land and also the modification of land into built environment so as to meet the need of the present population or the population which will utilize the land (Dickinson and Shaw, 1977). The effects of land use may include deforestation, soil erosion, soil degradation, salinization and urban sprawl. Urban sprawl can be defined as the expansion of the urban area population into area that was once classified as rural area. There are six major types of land uses in urban areas. These include:- Residential land use- The use of land for people to live. This usually makes up about 40% of an urban area. The type of housing in an area is based on the residential density which is the number of houses per hectare. Residential density may be low density (thirty units per hectare), medium density (thirty to a hundred units per hectare) or high density (exceeds a hundred units per hectare). Transportation land use- Land which is used for transporting people and goods from one place to another. This is influenced by the amount of people residing in the urban settlement, the more people the more vehicles the road infrastructure has to support and the more parking spaces will be needed. Transportation land usually makes up about 32% of the urban area. Transportation land includes land spaces which are utilized for roads, subways, railroad tracks and airports. Commercial land use- Commercial areas in an urban settlement can take up about 5% of the land. These commercial areas are used business activities such as restaurants, shopping malls and service stations which are very important in maintaining a healthy economy in the community. Industrial land use- Industrial land spaces within urban areas usually take up about 6% of the urban land and are usually found along railways or water ways. Industrial land use is the use of land for the establishment of industries factories such as power plants. Institutional land use- Land which is used for schools, hospitals, government offices, churches and other places of religious offering. Institutional land uses usually take up about 10% of an urban area land. Recreational land use- Land which is used for leisure activities example playgrounds and parks. Population Urban areas are usually very densely populated. This is so because of a variety of reasons which may include rural migration and over-population, industrialization, natural increase, lack of public and social services in rural areas and commercial sector. Rural migration is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This is resulted from persons chasing after an improvement of their standard of living through employment and a better life, which may be available in urban areas. Over-population causes pressure on the land and this encourages persons to migrate to urban areas. A continuing movement of persons will eventually lead to rural depopulation and a gradual increase in urban population. There are a few industries and employment opportunities in rural area so people from here usually go seek jobs in urban areas where they could earn a livelihood. Increasing industrialization in urban areas attracts new rural migrants. Industrialization creates job opportunities. The transfer of such large numbers of people is partly as a result of the concentration of economic activities is in the urban areas. Natural increase occurs when the crude birth rate is more than the crude death rate. This simply means when there are a greater number of births over deaths in a given population The lack of basic public and social services in rural areas result in migration to urban areas where facilities such as adequate schools, transportation facilities, health facilities and telephone services are made available to the population. Even the roads in the rural areas are in poor conditions and farming areas are often inaccessible, hence the quality services in the urban areas attract the rural population. An urban area can be classified as the commercial sector in that large amount of whole sale and retail activities are undertaken here. The central business district (C.B.D) provides varied commercialized services and rural migrants are attracted to the urban areas because of these services. There is a greater opportunity for them to gain employment and also some may become involved in street vending or even self-employed since there will be market available for their services which they can provide. Urban areas face problems as a result of dense population. These include unemployment problem, traffic congestion, shortage of housing facilities and public services. A high rate of unemployment still exists within urban areas even though there are industrial and commercial activities present. This is so because rural migrants keep moving to urban areas and also there is a natural growth of the urban population, hence there is a greater demand for jobs. The unavailability of jobs for the younger population especially can result in an increase crime rate. This heavy increase of population over time leads to a shortage of housing facilities since there is a greater demand of housing. Many persons cannot afford the high cost of living and facilities since they may not be gainfully employed or they are unemployed. This leads to the development of slums/ghettoes or shanty towns and also squatting becomes a large social problem (WHO, 2014). Squatting can be defined as occupying a piece of that that is abandoned or unoccupied. Squatters do not own or rent the land nor do they have any legal rights to use the land. A shanty town consists of houses which a re poorly built from scavenged materials such as cardboard boxes, plywood, metal sheets and plastic sheets. Traffic congestion is a major issue within urban areas. This is so because as the population grows the road infrastructures have to support more day-to-day traveling of people, goods and materials within the urban area and also in and out. Therefore, inadequate road networks and parking spaces for the dense population of urban areas result in daily traffic congestions. There is a lack of public services and inadequate facilities such as educational and recreational facilities with an increased population. With an increased population, educational facilities are stretched to their limits and this result in a demand for more educational facilities and also educational improvements. The recreational facilities would have been established to be used by the past population but with a gradually increase of population these facilities may become inadequate. There is also a lack of sanitary facilities due to urban population growth and pressure is placed on the existing facilities. Health and Sanitation With a rapid increase of urban population there is a lack of sanitation, a shortage of water supplies and also a lack of facilities for the disposal of the large amounts of garbage produced. This all leads to the pollution o the environment (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010). Pollution can be defined as the accumulation of any unwanted substance within the environment. Some causes of poor sanitation of urban areas include:- Since urban areas are usually densely populated, there are a large amount of solid waste being produced and also waste water being produced. These solid waste materials are usually not collected regularly or there maybe restrictions on the amount of solid refuse which will be collected by authorities per household. This may lead to persons finding alternative ways to dispose refuse or a gradual buildup of refuse which results in an unaesthetic sight and an unhealthy environment. Waste water being produced is not usually being treated right or not being treated at all. When this water mixes with fresh water it contaminates it and makes it unhealthy to drink and even use for domestic purposes such as washing clothes or bathing (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010). The leakage of sewers, waste and latrine contents result in the pollution of underground water. Underground water as the name suggests, is water that flows below the surface. It is also referred to as subsurface groundwater. Underground water is often used by dwellers of the slum population as a drinking source or for domestic uses such as bathing and washing. This could result in health threats (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010). There is also a lack of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) systems. This allows the buildup of sludge in poorly built pits which causes the sludge to mix with the underground water and illegal dumping of waste from private pit emptier in the sea/river. This causes health risks to the environment and all the components of it (Water supply and Collaborative Council, 2010). Urban areas usually contain industries and factories which may result in pollution of the environment. This pollution can occur in the form of smoke into the atmosphere, waste water being drained out into the water ways and also solid waste materials maybe disposed poorly. As seen above, there is a relationship and interconnection with sanitation and the health of the environment and all biotic life within it. In order to obtain or maintain a good sanitation level the waste and sanitation management has to keep up to pace with the growing population since the more people the more waste and physical pressure on the environment, services and facilities from them. In urban areas there is a greater demand for social services such as health programs since a greater population has to be catered for. A densely populated region results in a low ratio of doctors and nurses to patients with in the health system. Therefore, there is an increase requirement of finance to to establish adequate health facilities with treatment and medication for all and also more money will be needed to employ new staffs and personnel to attend to these patients (Gabriel, 1989). References Ramsawak, R. and Umraw, R. (2001) Modules in Social Studies with SBA Guide CXC Questions, Caribbean Educational Publishers. Dickson, G.C. Shaw. M.G (1977) What is ‘land use’?, http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/20001161?uid=3738168uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21104345935161, 12th Aug 2014. Dr. Sadik, N. (1996) State of the world population 1996: Changing Places: Population, Development and Urban Future, https://www.unfpa.org/swp/1996/index.htm, 12th Aug 2014. Water supply and Collaborative Council. (2010) Sanitation/Urban Sanitation, http://www.wsscc.org/topics/sanitation/urban-sanitation, 12th Aug 2014. Unite For Sight (n.d.) Urban Versus Rural Health, http://www.uniteforsight.org/global-health-university/urban-rural-health, 12th Aug 2014. Gabriel, B. (1989) Access to Health Care in Urban Areas of Developing Societies, http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2136988?uid=3738168uid=2129uid=2uid=70uid=4sid=21104912929123, 13th Aug 2014. Smart Development Stories. (n.d.) Urban Faecal Sludge Management Program, http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/bangladesh/our-work/urban-faecal-sludge-management-programme, 12th Aug 2014. Internet Geography. (n.d.) Population, http://www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/popn1.html, 15th Aug 2014. World Health Organization. (2014) Global Health Observatory, http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/en/, 15th Aug 2014. Farooq, U. (2012) Characteristics of Rural and Urban Community, http://www.studylecturenotes.com/social-sciences/sociology/360-characteristics-of-rural-and-urban-community, 14th Aug 2014. Global Warming: Causes and Effects Global Warming: Causes and Effects Global Warming is defined as the increase of the average temperature on Earth. As the Earth is getting hotter, disasters like hurricanes, droughts and floods are getting more frequent. It is responsible for the conspicuous increase in storms, floods and raging forest fires we have seen in the last ten years, though, say scientists. Tier data show that an increase of one degree Celsius makes the Earth warmer now than it has been for at least a thousand years. Out of the 20 warmest years on record, 19 have occurred since 1980. There have always been natural climate hangs Ice Ages and the warm intermediate times between them but those even, a temperature rise as fast as the one we have seen over the last 30 years has never happened before, as far as scientists can ascertain. Moreover, normally the Earth should now be in a cool-down-period, according to natural effects like solar cycles and volcano activity, not in a heating-up phase. What Is The Greenhouse Effect? Seen from space, our atmosphere is but a tiny layer of gas around a huge bulky planet. But it is this gaseous outer ring and its misleadingly called greenhouse effect that makes life on Earth possible and that could destroy life as we know it. The sun is the Earths primary energy source, a burning star so hot that we can feel its heat from over 150 million kilometres away. Its rays enter our atmosphere and shower upon on our planet. About one third of this solar energy is reflected back into the universe by shimmering glaciers, water and other bright surfaces. Two thirds, however, are absorbed by the Earth, thus warming land, oceans, and atmosphere much of this heat radiates back out into space, but some of it is stored in the atmosphere. This process is called the greenhouse effect. Without it, the Earths average temperature would be a chilling -18 degrees Celsius, even despite the suns constant energy supply. In a world like this, life on Earth would probably have never emerged fr om the sea.  Our planet, however, has no glass walls; the only thing that comes close to acting as such is our atmosphere. But in here, processes are way more complicated than in a real greenhouse. Like a radiator in space only about half of all solar energy that reaches the Earth is infrared radiation and causes immediate warming when passing the atmosphere. The other half is of a higher frequency, and only translates into heat once it hits Earth and is later reflected back into space as waves of infrared radiation. This transformation of solar radiation in to infrared radiation is crucial, because infrared radiation can be absorbed by the atmosphere. So, on a cold and clear night for example, parts of this infrared radiation that would normally dissipate into space get caught up in the Earths atmosphere. And like a radiator in the middle of a room, our atmosphere radiates this heat into all directions. Parts of this heat are finally sent out in the frozen nothingness of space, parts of it are sent back to Earth where they step up global temperatures. Just how much warmer it gets down here depends on how much energy is absorbed up there- and this, in turn, depends on the atmospheres composition. How do these things happen Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon make up 98 percent of the Earths atmosphere. But they do not absorb significant amounts of infrared radiation, and thus do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. It is the more exotic components like water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons that absorb heat and thus increase atmospheric temperatures. Studies indicate that until some 2.7 billion years ago, there was so much carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane in our atmosphere that average temperatures on Earth were as high as 70 degrees. But bacteria and plants slowly turned CO2 into oxygen and the concentration of CO2 in our current atmosphere dropped to just about 0.038 percent or 383 parts per million (PPM), a unit of measurement used for very low concentrations of gases that has become a kind of currency in climate change debates. Can we control global warming? Yes we can control global warm by creating jobs, saving consumers money, and protecting our national security. By investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and increasing the efficiency of the cars we drive, we can take essential steps toward reducing our dependence on oil and other fossil fuels that cause global warming. Using energy more efficiently and moving to renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, and bio energy) would significantly reduce our emissions of heat-trapping gases. Since the burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of carbon dioxide-the leading cause of global warming-but renewable energy does not, increasing the share of our electricity generated from renewable resources is one of the most effective ways to reduce global warming emissions. Cars and trucks are another significant source (45 percent) of carbon dioxide emissions. A serious effort to address global warming must therefore reduce emissions from cars and trucks.We know that the earth is very sensitive to small changes in the amount of incoming sunlight. What about launching relatively small amounts of Mylar foil into low earth orbit? By picking the right orbits, we control how much sunlight they reflect and how long they stay up. We even could use a more complex idea of Mylar balloons with a few millbars of a specially formulated gas.  As soon as sun light strikes it, the balloon fully expands reflecting sunlight, but on the night side of the planet, the balloon collapses to allow heat to flow past it into space from earth.  We could use EM accelerator launch tubes to place them into orbit, bypassing the need for chemical rockets.   All this method can help to control global warming Maybe use lasers at a frequency that Mylar doesnt reflec t, to burn up any extra balloons that our real-time calculations say we dont need for that year.

Romeo And Juliet - Fate Or Free Will :: essays research papers

The human condition follows the path of fate. Everyone makes choices out of their own free will which affects their life at that time, but will ultimately lead to their pre- determined fate. People inflict their own wounds during their life by the choices that they make. This applies in Romeo and Juliet and plays a major role in Romeo and Juliet’s lives. "A pair of star-crossed lovers" (I, i, 6) In the very opening of the play the chorus is singing about Romeo and Juliet, and predicts their life together as having a star-crossed conclusion. By already knowing from the beginning that their life has an ill-fated conclusion, we can see how their choices brought them to their death. Romeo and Juliet could see that their life together was not going the way they wanted, because Romeo and Juliet wanted to marry each other but there were many barriers between them. Both Romeo and Juliet had many failed attempts in their efforts to trick fate out of what was ultimately going to happen to them both. Hold! Get you gone, be strong and prosperous in this resolve. I’ll send a friar with speed to Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. (IV, i, 122-124) Juliet is to drink a potion to make her appear dead, and later wake to be free of the shame of marrying Paris. Here, Friar Lawrence is assuring Juliet that he will send a letter to Romeo, explaining their plan. Romeo doesn’t receive that letter, and he does not know what is to happen. Free will comes with great consequences. Friar Lawrence and Juliet inflicted their own wounds by not telling Romeo of their plan. If they had taken the time to make sure that Romeo got the information, their plan might have succeeded, and Romeo and Juliet would be free to marry each other. A greater power than we can contradict hath thwarted our intents. (V, iii, 154-155) After Romeo kills Paris, and then himself, Juliet wakes as Friar Lawrence rushes over to her. Friar Lawrence is saying that a higher power, in this case, fate, has ruined their plan. We know that Friar Lawrence is talking about fate when he says that they cannot contradict this power. You cannot contradict fate, it always has it’s way in the end, whether we know it or not. "O, I am fortune’s fool! (III, i, 135)".